Each state conducts annual tests at the elementary, middle and high school levels to determine student proficiency in subjects like English and mathematics. State and federal education officials collect graduation rates to use as a baseline measurement of secondary education performance. A student's GPA is typically measured on a scale of zero to four. Student performance can be measured using a variety of benchmarks, including grade point average (GPA), high school graduation rate, annual standardized tests, and college entrance exams. Brown University education scholar Kenneth Wong said: "In comparison with the earlier NCLB, the ESSA shifted from a policy system defined by federal mandates to one with state flexibility." Method of measurement The ECSA allowed states to include, in addition to tests, factors such as graduation rates, English language proficiency, or access to advanced coursework. Under the ECSA, states had more input than under the NCLB over how much standardized tests count toward school ratings. In 2015, President Barack Obama (D) signed the Every Student Succeeds Act, replacing the NCLB and reauthorized the ESEA. The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001 continued the ESEA's focus on accountability by requiring states to ensure minimum proficiency levels in order to receive federal funds. This legislation required states to measure student proficiency and develop accountability measures for public schools. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 encouraged adoption of standardized testing by all states. Lindquist created the first version of the American College Test (ACT) in 1959. Henry Chauncey developed the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) in 1934 to evaluate scholarship candidates at Harvard University and University of Iowa Professor E.F. Johnson developed a grading machine in 1934 that could grade test sheets by picking up the electrical current created by pencil marks. This multiple-choice test was used to decrease grading time and standardize student evaluations. Kelly advanced the idea of standardized testing with the Kansas Silent Reading Test in 1914. Education advocates Horace Mann and Samuel Gridley Howe used a standardized test to evaluate student progress in Boston, Massachusetts. The origins of measuring academic performance in the United States date back to the 1830s. Click here to subscribe to Hall Pass, a weekly newsletter focused on education policy and school board elections, to learn more about academic performance.
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